Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research 2008-2207 16 3 2022 07 09 164 173 Guido D'Angelo Laboratory of Clinical-Chemistry, Hematology and Microbiology, (ASST - Valle Olona) Gallarate Hospital, Gallarate, Varese, Italy 2021 04 14 2021 07 28 ABSTRACT The microbiota is directly involved in the host metabolic process, as well as in immune response modulation and recruitment of different cells typology in the inflammatory site. Human microbiota modification (dysbiosis) is a condition that could be correlated with various pathologies. The short-chain fatty acids produced by the metabolic process have an important role as immune mediators. In the hematology field, dysbiosis can represent a predisposing condition for triggering and/or conditioning both non-neoplastic (iron deficiency anemia, thrombosis, thrombocytosis, or thrombocytopenia) and neoplastic disorders (lymphomas, leukemias, myeloma). Dysbiosis may also interfere with therapy efficacy (iron supplementation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), impacting on patient's outcome. https://ijhoscr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijhoscr/article/view/1609 https://ijhoscr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijhoscr/article/download/1609/942