Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research 2008-2207 19 3 2025 07 21 223 236 Sheba Magaji Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria Maryam Aminu Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Muhammad Doko Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Adekunle Oguntayo Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria Saad Ahmed Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria Jigo Yaro Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Murtala Abubakar Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria Kamarudeen Sani Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria Victor Nelson Department of Pathology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria Ovye Alaba Department of Pathology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria 2024 08 09 2025 07 21 Background: Among the co-factors contributing to human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical carcinogenesis, genital chlamydial infection is considered a very strong risk factor. The molecular mechanisms by which this organism contributes to HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the role of vimentin in cervical carcinogenesis in women infected with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical tissue samples were collected from women with pre-invasive and invasive cervical disease in northern Nigeria during July 2022 to September 2023. Samples were screened for both high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) and C. trachomatis antigen using GeneXpert® and rapid tests, respectively. Samples that were positive for hrHPV, C. trachomatis, and cervical cancer underwent immunohistochemistry assay for vimentin detection. Results: The results showed that 47 (23.5%) samples had hrHPV, while 17 (8.5%) samples had C. trachomatis antigen. A total of 103 samples were assayed for vimentin expression, of which 16 (15.5%) samples expressed vimentin at varying degrees. It was observed that vimentin expression increased significantly with increasing tumor severity. Conclusion: The strong statistical association between vimentin expression and hrHPV-C. trachomatis co-infection in cervical carcinogenesis suggests the potential application of vimentin expression assays for early detection of cervical cancer, monitoring disease progression, and implementing prompt treatment approaches. This study findings implicate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a possible molecular mechanism for cervical carcinogenesis in women infected with hrHPV and C. trachomatis and highlight vimentin as a poor prognostic indicator, given its observed correlation with tumor severity. https://ijhoscr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijhoscr/article/view/2297 https://ijhoscr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijhoscr/article/download/2297/1089